QuadraticForm

class qiskit.circuit.library.QuadraticForm(num_result_qubits=None, quadratic=None, linear=None, offset=None, little_endian=True)

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Bases: QuantumCircuit

Implements a quadratic form on binary variables encoded in qubit registers.

A quadratic form on binary variables is a quadratic function $Q$ acting on a binary variable of $n$ bits, $x = x_0 ... x_{n-1}$ . For an integer matrix $A$ , an integer vector $b$ and an integer $c$ the function can be written as

Q(x) = x^T A x + x^T b + c

If $A$ , $b$ or $c$ contain scalar values, this circuit computes only an approximation of the quadratic form.

Provided with $m$ qubits to encode the value, this circuit computes $Q(x) \mod 2^m$ in [two’s complement](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1049722/what-is-2s-complement) representation.

|x\rangle_n |0\rangle_m \mapsto |x\rangle_n |(Q(x) + 2^m) \mod 2^m \rangle_m

Since we use two’s complement e.g. the value of $Q(x) = 3$ requires 2 bits to represent the value and 1 bit for the sign: 3 = ‘011’ where the first 0 indicates a positive value. On the other hand, $Q(x) = -3$ would be -3 = ‘101’, where the first 1 indicates a negative value and 01 is the two’s complement of 3.

If the value of $Q(x)$ is too large to be represented with m qubits, the resulting bitstring is $(Q(x) + 2^m) \mod 2^m)$ .

The implementation of this circuit is discussed in [1], Fig. 6.

References

[1]: Gilliam et al., Grover Adaptive Search for Constrained Polynomial Binary Optimization.

arXiv:1912.04088

Parameters

num_result_qubits (int | None) – The number of qubits to encode the result. Called $m$ in the class documentation.
quadratic (ndarray |List[List[float |ParameterExpression]] | None) – A matrix containing the quadratic coefficients, $A$ .
linear (ndarray |List[float |ParameterExpression] | None) – An array containing the linear coefficients, $b$ .
offset (ParameterExpression |float | None) – A constant offset, $c$ .
little_endian (bool) – Encode the result in little endianness.

Raises

ValueError – If linear and quadratic have mismatching sizes.
ValueError – If num_result_qubits is unspecified but cannot be determined because some values of the quadratic form are parameterized.

Attributes

ancillas

Returns a list of ancilla bits in the order that the registers were added.

calibrations

Return calibration dictionary.

The custom pulse definition of a given gate is of the form {'gate_name': {(qubits, params): schedule}}

clbits

Returns a list of classical bits in the order that the registers were added.

data

Return the circuit data (instructions and context).

Returns

a list-like object containing the CircuitInstructions for each instruction.

Return type

QuantumCircuitData

extension_lib

Default value: 'include "qelib1.inc";'

global_phase

Return the global phase of the current circuit scope in radians.

header

Default value: 'OPENQASM 2.0;'

instances

Default value: 322

layout

Return any associated layout information about the circuit

This attribute contains an optional TranspileLayout object. This is typically set on the output from transpile() or PassManager.run() to retain information about the permutations caused on the input circuit by transpilation.

There are two types of permutations caused by the transpile() function, an initial layout which permutes the qubits based on the selected physical qubits on the Target, and a final layout which is an output permutation caused by SwapGates inserted during routing.

metadata

The user provided metadata associated with the circuit.

The metadata for the circuit is a user provided dict of metadata for the circuit. It will not be used to influence the execution or operation of the circuit, but it is expected to be passed between all transforms of the circuit (ie transpilation) and that providers will associate any circuit metadata with the results it returns from execution of that circuit.

num_ancillas

Return the number of ancilla qubits.

num_clbits

Return number of classical bits.

num_parameters

The number of parameter objects in the circuit.

num_qubits

Return number of qubits.

op_start_times

Return a list of operation start times.

This attribute is enabled once one of scheduling analysis passes runs on the quantum circuit.

Returns

List of integers representing instruction start times. The index corresponds to the index of instruction in QuantumCircuit.data.

Raises

AttributeError – When circuit is not scheduled.

parameters

The parameters defined in the circuit.

This attribute returns the Parameter objects in the circuit sorted alphabetically. Note that parameters instantiated with a ParameterVector are still sorted numerically.

Examples

The snippet below shows that insertion order of parameters does not matter.

>>> from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter
>>> a, b, elephant = Parameter("a"), Parameter("b"), Parameter("elephant")
>>> circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
>>> circuit.rx(b, 0)
>>> circuit.rz(elephant, 0)
>>> circuit.ry(a, 0)
>>> circuit.parameters  # sorted alphabetically!
ParameterView([Parameter(a), Parameter(b), Parameter(elephant)])

Bear in mind that alphabetical sorting might be unintuitive when it comes to numbers. The literal “10” comes before “2” in strict alphabetical sorting.

>>> from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter
>>> angles = [Parameter("angle_1"), Parameter("angle_2"), Parameter("angle_10")]
>>> circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
>>> circuit.u(*angles, 0)
>>> circuit.draw()
   ┌─────────────────────────────┐
q: ┤ U(angle_1,angle_2,angle_10) ├
   └─────────────────────────────┘
>>> circuit.parameters
ParameterView([Parameter(angle_1), Parameter(angle_10), Parameter(angle_2)])

To respect numerical sorting, a ParameterVector can be used.

>>> from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter, ParameterVector
>>> x = ParameterVector("x", 12)
>>> circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
>>> for x_i in x:
...     circuit.rx(x_i, 0)
>>> circuit.parameters
ParameterView([
    ParameterVectorElement(x[0]), ParameterVectorElement(x[1]),
    ParameterVectorElement(x[2]), ParameterVectorElement(x[3]),
    ..., ParameterVectorElement(x[11])
])

Returns

The sorted Parameter objects in the circuit.

prefix

Default value: 'circuit'

qubits

Returns a list of quantum bits in the order that the registers were added.

Methods

required_result_qubits

static required_result_qubits(quadratic, linear, offset)

Get the number of required result qubits.

Parameters

quadratic (ndarray |List[List[float]]) – A matrix containing the quadratic coefficients.
linear (ndarray |List[float]) – An array containing the linear coefficients.
offset (float) – A constant offset.

Returns

The number of qubits needed to represent the value of the quadratic form in twos complement.

Return type

int

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