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DAGCircuit

class qiskit.dagcircuit.DAGCircuit

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Bases: object

Quantum circuit as a directed acyclic graph.

There are 3 types of nodes in the graph: inputs, outputs, and operations. The nodes are connected by directed edges that correspond to qubits and bits.

Create an empty circuit.


Attributes

calibrations

Return calibration dictionary.

The custom pulse definition of a given gate is of the form

{‘gate_name’: {(qubits, params): schedule}}

global_phase

Return the global phase of the circuit.

node_counter

Returns the number of nodes in the dag.

wires

Return a list of the wires in order.


Methods

add_calibration

add_calibration(gate, qubits, schedule, params=None)

Register a low-level, custom pulse definition for the given gate.

Parameters

  • gate (Union[Gate, str]) – Gate information.
  • qubits (Union[int, Tuple[int]]) – List of qubits to be measured.
  • schedule (Schedule) – Schedule information.
  • params (Optional[List[Union[float, Parameter]]]) – A list of parameters.

Raises

Exception – if the gate is of type string and params is None.

add_clbits

add_clbits(clbits)

Add individual clbit wires.

add_creg

add_creg(creg)

Add all wires in a classical register.

add_qreg

add_qreg(qreg)

Add all wires in a quantum register.

add_qubits

add_qubits(qubits)

Add individual qubit wires.

ancestors

ancestors(node)

Returns set of the ancestors of a node as DAGOpNodes and DAGInNodes.

apply_operation_back

apply_operation_back(op, qargs=(), cargs=())

Apply an operation to the output of the circuit.

Parameters

Returns

the node for the op that was added to the dag

Return type

DAGOpNode

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if a leaf node is connected to multiple outputs

apply_operation_front

apply_operation_front(op, qargs=(), cargs=())

Apply an operation to the input of the circuit.

Parameters

Returns

the node for the op that was added to the dag

Return type

DAGOpNode

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if initial nodes connected to multiple out edges

bfs_successors

bfs_successors(node)

Returns an iterator of tuples of (DAGNode, [DAGNodes]) where the DAGNode is the current node and [DAGNode] is its successors in BFS order.

classical_predecessors

classical_predecessors(node)

Returns iterator of the predecessors of a node that are connected by a classical edge as DAGOpNodes and DAGInNodes.

classical_successors

classical_successors(node)

Returns iterator of the successors of a node that are connected by a classical edge as DAGOpNodes and DAGInNodes.

collect_1q_runs

collect_1q_runs()

Return a set of non-conditional runs of 1q “op” nodes.

collect_2q_runs

collect_2q_runs()

Return a set of non-conditional runs of 2q “op” nodes.

collect_runs

collect_runs(namelist)

Return a set of non-conditional runs of “op” nodes with the given names.

For example, “… h q[0]; cx q[0],q[1]; cx q[0],q[1]; h q[1]; ..” would produce the tuple of cx nodes as an element of the set returned from a call to collect_runs([“cx”]). If instead the cx nodes were “cx q[0],q[1]; cx q[1],q[0];”, the method would still return the pair in a tuple. The namelist can contain names that are not in the circuit’s basis.

Nodes must have only one successor to continue the run.

compose

compose(other, qubits=None, clbits=None, front=False, inplace=True)

Compose the other circuit onto the output of this circuit.

A subset of input wires of other are mapped to a subset of output wires of this circuit.

other can be narrower or of equal width to self.

Parameters

  • other (DAGCircuit) – circuit to compose with self
  • qubits (list[Qubit|int]) – qubits of self to compose onto.
  • clbits (list[Clbit|int]) – clbits of self to compose onto.
  • front (bool) – If True, front composition will be performed (not implemented yet)
  • inplace (bool) – If True, modify the object. Otherwise return composed circuit.

Returns

the composed dag (returns None if inplace==True).

Return type

DAGCircuit

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if other is wider or there are duplicate edge mappings.

copy_empty_like

copy_empty_like()

Return a copy of self with the same structure but empty.

That structure includes:

  • name and other metadata
  • global phase
  • duration
  • all the qubits and clbits, including the registers.

Returns

An empty copy of self.

Return type

DAGCircuit

count_ops

count_ops(*, recurse=True)

Count the occurrences of operation names.

Parameters

recurse (bool) – if True (default), then recurse into control-flow operations. In all cases, this counts only the number of times the operation appears in any possible block; both branches of if-elses are counted, and for- and while-loop blocks are only counted once.

Returns

a mapping of operation names to the number of times it appears.

Return type

Mapping[str, int]

count_ops_longest_path

count_ops_longest_path()

Count the occurrences of operation names on the longest path.

Returns a dictionary of counts keyed on the operation name.

depth

depth(*, recurse=False)

Return the circuit depth. If there is control flow present, this count may only be an estimate, as the complete control-flow path cannot be statically known.

Parameters

recurse (bool) – if True, then recurse into control-flow operations. For loops with known-length iterators are counted as if the loop had been manually unrolled (i.e. with each iteration of the loop body written out explicitly). If-else blocks take the longer case of the two branches. While loops are counted as if the loop body runs once only. Defaults to False and raises DAGCircuitError if any control flow is present, to avoid silently returning a nonsensical number.

Returns

the circuit depth

Return type

int

Raises

  • DAGCircuitError – if not a directed acyclic graph
  • DAGCircuitError – if unknown control flow is present in a recursive call, or any control flow is present in a non-recursive call.

descendants

descendants(node)

Returns set of the descendants of a node as DAGOpNodes and DAGOutNodes.

draw

draw(scale=0.7, filename=None, style='color')

Draws the dag circuit.

This function needs pydot, which in turn needs Graphviz to be installed.

Parameters

  • scale (float) – scaling factor
  • filename (str) – file path to save image to (format inferred from name)
  • style (str) – ‘plain’: B&W graph; ‘color’ (default): color input/output/op nodes

Returns

if in Jupyter notebook and not saving to file, otherwise None.

Return type

Ipython.display.Image

edges

edges(nodes=None)

Iterator for edge values and source and dest node

This works by returning the output edges from the specified nodes. If no nodes are specified all edges from the graph are returned.

Parameters

nodes (DAGOpNode, DAGInNode, or DAGOutNode|list(DAGOpNode, DAGInNode, or DAGOutNode) – Either a list of nodes or a single input node. If none is specified, all edges are returned from the graph.

Yields

edge

the edge in the same format as out_edges the tuple

(source node, destination node, edge data)

find_bit

find_bit(bit)

Finds locations in the circuit, by mapping the Qubit and Clbit to positional index BitLocations is defined as: BitLocations = namedtuple(“BitLocations”, (“index”, “registers”))

Parameters

bit (Bit) – The bit to locate.

Returns

A 2-tuple. The first element (index)

contains the index at which the Bit can be found (in either qubits, clbits, depending on its type). The second element (registers) is a list of (register, index) pairs with an entry for each Register in the circuit which contains the Bit (and the index in the Register at which it can be found).

Return type

namedtuple(int, List[Tuple(Register, int)])

Raises:

DAGCircuitError: If the supplied Bit was of an unknown type. DAGCircuitError: If the supplied Bit could not be found on the circuit.

front_layer

front_layer()

Return a list of op nodes in the first layer of this dag.

gate_nodes

gate_nodes()

Get the list of gate nodes in the dag.

Returns

the list of DAGOpNodes that represent gates.

Return type

list[DAGOpNode]

has_calibration_for

has_calibration_for(node)

Return True if the dag has a calibration defined for the node operation. In this case, the operation does not need to be translated to the device basis.

idle_wires

idle_wires(ignore=None)

Return idle wires.

Parameters

ignore (list(str)) – List of node names to ignore. Default: []

Yields

Bit – Bit in idle wire.

Raises

DAGCircuitError – If the DAG is invalid

is_predecessor

is_predecessor(node, node_pred)

Checks if a second node is in the predecessors of node.

is_successor

is_successor(node, node_succ)

Checks if a second node is in the successors of node.

layers

layers()

Yield a shallow view on a layer of this DAGCircuit for all d layers of this circuit.

A layer is a circuit whose gates act on disjoint qubits, i.e., a layer has depth 1. The total number of layers equals the circuit depth d. The layers are indexed from 0 to d-1 with the earliest layer at index 0. The layers are constructed using a greedy algorithm. Each returned layer is a dict containing {“graph”: circuit graph, “partition”: list of qubit lists}.

The returned layer contains new (but semantically equivalent) DAGOpNodes, DAGInNodes, and DAGOutNodes. These are not the same as nodes of the original dag, but are equivalent via DAGNode.semantic_eq(node1, node2).

TODO: Gates that use the same cbits will end up in different layers as this is currently implemented. This may not be the desired behavior.

longest_path

longest_path()

Returns the longest path in the dag as a list of DAGOpNodes, DAGInNodes, and DAGOutNodes.

multi_qubit_ops

multi_qubit_ops()

Get list of 3+ qubit operations. Ignore directives like snapshot and barrier.

multigraph_layers

multigraph_layers()

Yield layers of the multigraph.

named_nodes

named_nodes(*names)

Get the set of “op” nodes with the given name.

node

node(node_id)

Get the node in the dag.

Parameters

node_id (int) – Node identifier.

Returns

the node.

Return type

node

nodes

nodes()

Iterator for node values.

Yields

node – the node.

nodes_on_wire

nodes_on_wire(wire, only_ops=False)

Iterator for nodes that affect a given wire.

Parameters

  • wire (Bit) – the wire to be looked at.
  • only_ops (bool) – True if only the ops nodes are wanted; otherwise, all nodes are returned.

Yields

Iterator – the successive nodes on the given wire

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if the given wire doesn’t exist in the DAG

num_clbits

num_clbits()

Return the total number of classical bits used by the circuit.

num_qubits

num_qubits()

Return the total number of qubits used by the circuit. num_qubits() replaces former use of width(). DAGCircuit.width() now returns qubits + clbits for consistency with Circuit.width() [qiskit-terra #2564].

num_tensor_factors

num_tensor_factors()

Compute how many components the circuit can decompose into.

op_nodes

op_nodes(op=None, include_directives=True)

Get the list of “op” nodes in the dag.

Parameters

  • op (Type) – qiskit.circuit.Operation subclass op nodes to return. If None, return all op nodes.
  • include_directives (bool) – include barrier, snapshot etc.

Returns

the list of node ids containing the given op.

Return type

list[DAGOpNode]

predecessors

predecessors(node)

Returns iterator of the predecessors of a node as DAGOpNodes and DAGInNodes.

properties

properties()

Return a dictionary of circuit properties.

quantum_causal_cone

quantum_causal_cone(qubit)

Returns causal cone of a qubit.

A qubit’s causal cone is the set of qubits that can influence the output of that qubit through interactions, whether through multi-qubit gates or operations. Knowing the causal cone of a qubit can be useful when debugging faulty circuits, as it can help identify which wire(s) may be causing the problem.

This method does not consider any classical data dependency in the DAGCircuit, classical bit wires are ignored for the purposes of building the causal cone.

Parameters

qubit (Qubit) – The output qubit for which we want to find the causal cone.

Returns

The set of qubits whose interactions affect qubit.

Return type

Set[Qubit]

quantum_predecessors

quantum_predecessors(node)

Returns iterator of the predecessors of a node that are connected by a quantum edge as DAGOpNodes and DAGInNodes.

quantum_successors

quantum_successors(node)

Returns iterator of the successors of a node that are connected by a quantum edge as Opnodes and DAGOutNodes.

remove_all_ops_named

remove_all_ops_named(opname)

Remove all operation nodes with the given name.

remove_ancestors_of

remove_ancestors_of(node)

Remove all of the ancestor operation nodes of node.

remove_clbits

remove_clbits(*clbits)

Remove classical bits from the circuit. All bits MUST be idle. Any registers with references to at least one of the specified bits will also be removed.

Parameters

clbits (List[Clbit]) – The bits to remove.

Raises

DAGCircuitError – a clbit is not a Clbit, is not in the circuit, or is not idle.

remove_cregs

remove_cregs(*cregs)

Remove classical registers from the circuit, leaving underlying bits in place.

Raises

  • DAGCircuitError – a creg is not a ClassicalRegister, or is not in
  • the circuit.

remove_descendants_of

remove_descendants_of(node)

Remove all of the descendant operation nodes of node.

remove_nonancestors_of

remove_nonancestors_of(node)

Remove all of the non-ancestors operation nodes of node.

remove_nondescendants_of

remove_nondescendants_of(node)

Remove all of the non-descendants operation nodes of node.

remove_op_node

remove_op_node(node)

Remove an operation node n.

Add edges from predecessors to successors.

remove_qregs

remove_qregs(*qregs)

Remove classical registers from the circuit, leaving underlying bits in place.

Raises

  • DAGCircuitError – a qreg is not a QuantumRegister, or is not in
  • the circuit.

remove_qubits

remove_qubits(*qubits)

Remove quantum bits from the circuit. All bits MUST be idle. Any registers with references to at least one of the specified bits will also be removed.

Parameters

qubits (List[Qubit]) – The bits to remove.

Raises

DAGCircuitError – a qubit is not a Qubit, is not in the circuit, or is not idle.

replace_block_with_op

replace_block_with_op(node_block, op, wire_pos_map, cycle_check=True)

Replace a block of nodes with a single node.

This is used to consolidate a block of DAGOpNodes into a single operation. A typical example is a block of gates being consolidated into a single UnitaryGate representing the unitary matrix of the block.

Parameters

  • node_block (List[DAGNode]) – A list of dag nodes that represents the node block to be replaced
  • op (qiskit.circuit.Operation) – The operation to replace the block with
  • wire_pos_map (Dict[Bit, int]) – The dictionary mapping the bits to their positions in the output qargs or cargs. This is necessary to reconstruct the arg order over multiple gates in the combined single op node. If a Bit is not in the dictionary, it will not be added to the args; this can be useful when dealing with control-flow operations that have inherent bits in their condition or target fields.
  • cycle_check (bool) – When set to True this method will check that replacing the provided node_block with a single node would introduce a cycle (which would invalidate the DAGCircuit) and will raise a DAGCircuitError if a cycle would be introduced. This checking comes with a run time penalty. If you can guarantee that your input node_block is a contiguous block and won’t introduce a cycle when it’s contracted to a single node, this can be set to False to improve the runtime performance of this method.

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if cycle_check is set to True and replacing the specified block introduces a cycle or if node_block is empty.

Returns

The op node that replaces the block.

Return type

DAGOpNode

reverse_ops

reverse_ops()

Reverse the operations in the self circuit.

Returns

the reversed dag.

Return type

DAGCircuit

separable_circuits

separable_circuits(remove_idle_qubits=False)

Decompose the circuit into sets of qubits with no gates connecting them.

Parameters

remove_idle_qubits (bool) – Flag denoting whether to remove idle qubits from the separated circuits. If False, each output circuit will contain the same number of qubits as self.

Returns

The circuits resulting from separating self into sets

of disconnected qubits

Return type

List[DAGCircuit]

Each DAGCircuit instance returned by this method will contain the same number of clbits as self. The global phase information in self will not be maintained in the subcircuits returned by this method.

serial_layers

serial_layers()

Yield a layer for all gates of this circuit.

A serial layer is a circuit with one gate. The layers have the same structure as in layers().

size

size(*, recurse=False)

Return the number of operations. If there is control flow present, this count may only be an estimate, as the complete control-flow path cannot be statically known.

Parameters

recurse (bool) – if True, then recurse into control-flow operations. For loops with known-length iterators are counted unrolled. If-else blocks sum both of the two branches. While loops are counted as if the loop body runs once only. Defaults to False and raises DAGCircuitError if any control flow is present, to avoid silently returning a mostly meaningless number.

Returns

the circuit size

Return type

int

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if an unknown ControlFlowOp is present in a call with recurse=True, or any control flow is present in a non-recursive call.

substitute_node

substitute_node(node, op, inplace=False, propagate_condition=True)

Replace an DAGOpNode with a single operation. qargs, cargs and conditions for the new operation will be inferred from the node to be replaced. The new operation will be checked to match the shape of the replaced operation.

Parameters

  • node (DAGOpNode) – Node to be replaced
  • op (qiskit.circuit.Operation) – The qiskit.circuit.Operation instance to be added to the DAG
  • inplace (bool) – Optional, default False. If True, existing DAG node will be modified to include op. Otherwise, a new DAG node will be used.
  • propagate_condition (bool) – Optional, default True. If True, a condition on the node to be replaced will be applied to the new op. This is the legacy behaviour. If either node is a control-flow operation, this will be ignored. If the op already has a condition, DAGCircuitError is raised.

Returns

the new node containing the added operation.

Return type

DAGOpNode

Raises

  • DAGCircuitError – If replacement operation was incompatible with
  • location** of **target node.

substitute_node_with_dag

substitute_node_with_dag(node, input_dag, wires=None, propagate_condition=True)

Replace one node with dag.

Parameters

  • node (DAGOpNode) – node to substitute
  • input_dag (DAGCircuit) – circuit that will substitute the node
  • wires (list[Bit] | Dict[Bit, Bit]) – gives an order for (qu)bits in the input circuit. If a list, then the bits refer to those in the input_dag, and the order gets matched to the node wires by qargs first, then cargs, then conditions. If a dictionary, then a mapping of bits in the input_dag to those that the node acts on.
  • propagate_condition (bool) – If True (default), then any condition attribute on the operation within node is propagated to each node in the input_dag. If False, then the input_dag is assumed to faithfully implement suitable conditional logic already. This is ignored for ControlFlowOps (i.e. treated as if it is False); replacements of those must already fulfil the same conditional logic or this function would be close to useless for them.

Returns

maps node IDs from input_dag to their new node incarnations in self.

Return type

dict

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if met with unexpected predecessor/successors

successors

successors(node)

Returns iterator of the successors of a node as DAGOpNodes and DAGOutNodes.

swap_nodes

swap_nodes(node1, node2)

Swap connected nodes e.g. due to commutation.

Parameters

  • node1 (OpNode) – predecessor node
  • node2 (OpNode) – successor node

Raises

DAGCircuitError – if either node is not an OpNode or nodes are not connected

topological_nodes

topological_nodes(key=None)

Yield nodes in topological order.

Parameters

key (Callable) – A callable which will take a DAGNode object and return a string sort key. If not specified the sort_key attribute will be used as the sort key for each node.

Returns

node in topological order

Return type

generator(DAGOpNode, DAGInNode, or DAGOutNode)

topological_op_nodes

topological_op_nodes(key=None)

Yield op nodes in topological order.

Allowed to pass in specific key to break ties in top order

Parameters

key (Callable) – A callable which will take a DAGNode object and return a string sort key. If not specified the sort_key attribute will be used as the sort key for each node.

Returns

op node in topological order

Return type

generator(DAGOpNode)

two_qubit_ops

two_qubit_ops()

Get list of 2 qubit operations. Ignore directives like snapshot and barrier.

width

width()

Return the total number of qubits + clbits used by the circuit. This function formerly returned the number of qubits by the calculation return len(self._wires) - self.num_clbits() but was changed by issue #2564 to return number of qubits + clbits with the new function DAGCircuit.num_qubits replacing the former semantic of DAGCircuit.width().

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