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VQE

class qiskit.algorithms.VQE(ansatz=None, optimizer=None, initial_point=None, gradient=None, expectation=None, include_custom=False, max_evals_grouped=1, callback=None, quantum_instance=None)

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Bases: VariationalAlgorithm, MinimumEigensolver

Deprecated: Variational Quantum Eigensolver algorithm.

The VQE class has been superseded by the qiskit.algorithms.minimum_eigensolvers.VQE class. This class will be deprecated in a future release and subsequently removed after that.

VQE is a quantum algorithm that uses a variational technique to find the minimum eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian HH of a given system.

An instance of VQE requires defining two algorithmic sub-components: a trial state (a.k.a. ansatz) which is a QuantumCircuit, and one of the classical optimizers. The ansatz is varied, via its set of parameters, by the optimizer, such that it works towards a state, as determined by the parameters applied to the ansatz, that will result in the minimum expectation value being measured of the input operator (Hamiltonian).

An optional array of parameter values, via the initial_point, may be provided as the starting point for the search of the minimum eigenvalue. This feature is particularly useful such as when there are reasons to believe that the solution point is close to a particular point. As an example, when building the dissociation profile of a molecule, it is likely that using the previous computed optimal solution as the starting initial point for the next interatomic distance is going to reduce the number of iterations necessary for the variational algorithm to converge. It provides an initial point tutorial detailing this use case.

The length of the initial_point list value must match the number of the parameters expected by the ansatz being used. If the initial_point is left at the default of None, then VQE will look to the ansatz for a preferred value, based on its given initial state. If the ansatz returns None, then a random point will be generated within the parameter bounds set, as per above. If the ansatz provides None as the lower bound, then VQE will default it to 2π-2\pi; similarly, if the ansatz returns None as the upper bound, the default value will be 2π2\pi.

The optimizer can either be one of Qiskit’s optimizers, such as SPSA or a callable with the following signature:

Note

The callable _must_ have the argument names fun, x0, jac, bounds as indicated in the following code block.

from qiskit.algorithms.optimizers import OptimizerResult
 
def my_minimizer(fun, x0, jac=None, bounds=None) -> OptimizerResult:
    # Note that the callable *must* have these argument names!
    # Args:
    #     fun (callable): the function to minimize
    #     x0 (np.ndarray): the initial point for the optimization
    #     jac (callable, optional): the gradient of the objective function
    #     bounds (list, optional): a list of tuples specifying the parameter bounds
 
    result = OptimizerResult()
    result.x = # optimal parameters
    result.fun = # optimal function value
    return result

The above signature also allows to directly pass any SciPy minimizer, for instance as

from functools import partial
from scipy.optimize import minimize
 
optimizer = partial(minimize, method="L-BFGS-B")
Deprecated since version 0.24.0

The class qiskit.algorithms.minimum_eigen_solvers.vqe.VQE is deprecated as of qiskit-terra 0.24.0. It will be removed no earlier than 3 months after the release date. Instead, use the class qiskit.algorithms.minimum_eigensolvers.VQE. See https://qisk.it/algo_migration for a migration guide.

Parameters

  • ansatz (QuantumCircuit | None) – A parameterized circuit used as Ansatz for the wave function.
  • optimizer (Optimizer |Minimizer | None) – A classical optimizer. Can either be a Qiskit optimizer or a callable that takes an array as input and returns a Qiskit or SciPy optimization result.
  • initial_point (np.ndarray | None) – An optional initial point (i.e. initial parameter values) for the optimizer. If None then VQE will look to the ansatz for a preferred point and if not will simply compute a random one.
  • gradient (GradientBase | Callable | None) – An optional gradient function or operator for optimizer.
  • expectation (ExpectationBase | None) – The Expectation converter for taking the average value of the Observable over the ansatz state function. When None (the default) an ExpectationFactory is used to select an appropriate expectation based on the operator and backend. When using Aer qasm_simulator backend, with paulis, it is however much faster to leverage custom Aer function for the computation but, although VQE performs much faster with it, the outcome is ideal, with no shot noise, like using a state vector simulator. If you are just looking for the quickest performance when choosing Aer qasm_simulator and the lack of shot noise is not an issue then set include_custom parameter here to True (defaults to False).
  • include_custom (bool) – When expectation parameter here is None setting this to True will allow the factory to include the custom Aer pauli expectation.
  • max_evals_grouped (int) – Max number of evaluations performed simultaneously. Signals the given optimizer that more than one set of parameters can be supplied so that potentially the expectation values can be computed in parallel. Typically this is possible when a finite difference gradient is used by the optimizer such that multiple points to compute the gradient can be passed and if computed in parallel improve overall execution time. Deprecated if a gradient operator or function is given.
  • callback (Callable[[int, np.ndarray, float, float], None] | None) – a callback that can access the intermediate data during the optimization. Four parameter values are passed to the callback as follows during each evaluation by the optimizer for its current set of parameters as it works towards the minimum. These are: the evaluation count, the optimizer parameters for the ansatz, the evaluated mean and the evaluated standard deviation.`
  • quantum_instance (QuantumInstance |Backend | None) – Quantum Instance or Backend

Attributes

ansatz

Returns the ansatz.

callback

Returns callback

expectation

The expectation value algorithm used to construct the expectation measurement from the observable.

gradient

Returns the gradient.

include_custom

Returns include_custom

initial_point

Returns initial point

max_evals_grouped

Returns max_evals_grouped

optimizer

Returns optimizer

quantum_instance

Returns quantum instance.

setting

Prepare the setting of VQE as a string.


Methods

compute_minimum_eigenvalue

compute_minimum_eigenvalue(operator, aux_operators=None)

Computes minimum eigenvalue. Operator and aux_operators can be supplied here and if not None will override any already set into algorithm so it can be reused with different operators. While an operator is required by algorithms, aux_operators are optional. To ‘remove’ a previous aux_operators array use an empty list here.

Parameters

  • operator (OperatorBase) – Qubit operator of the Observable
  • aux_operators (ListOrDict[OperatorBase] | None) – Optional list of auxiliary operators to be evaluated with the eigenstate of the minimum eigenvalue main result and their expectation values returned. For instance in chemistry these can be dipole operators, total particle count operators so we can get values for these at the ground state.

Returns

MinimumEigensolverResult

Return type

MinimumEigensolverResult

construct_circuit

construct_circuit(parameter, operator)

Return the circuits used to compute the expectation value.

Parameters

Returns

A list of the circuits used to compute the expectation value.

Return type

list[QuantumCircuit]

construct_expectation

construct_expectation(parameter, operator, return_expectation=False)

Generate the ansatz circuit and expectation value measurement, and return their runnable composition.

Parameters

  • parameter (list[float] | list[Parameter] | np.ndarray) – Parameters for the ansatz circuit.
  • operator (OperatorBase) – Qubit operator of the Observable
  • return_expectation (bool) – If True, return the ExpectationBase expectation converter used in the construction of the expectation value. Useful e.g. to compute the standard deviation of the expectation value.

Returns

The Operator equalling the measurement of the ansatz StateFn by the Observable’s expectation StateFn, and, optionally, the expectation converter.

Raises

  • AlgorithmError – If no operator has been provided.
  • AlgorithmError – If no expectation is passed and None could be inferred via the ExpectationFactory.

Return type

OperatorBase | tuple[OperatorBase, ExpectationBase]

get_energy_evaluation

get_energy_evaluation(operator, return_expectation=False)

Returns a function handle to evaluates the energy at given parameters for the ansatz.

This is the objective function to be passed to the optimizer that is used for evaluation.

Parameters

  • operator (OperatorBase) – The operator whose energy to evaluate.
  • return_expectation (bool) – If True, return the ExpectationBase expectation converter used in the construction of the expectation value. Useful e.g. to evaluate other operators with the same expectation value converter.

Returns

Energy of the hamiltonian of each parameter, and, optionally, the expectation converter.

Raises

RuntimeError – If the circuit is not parameterized (i.e. has 0 free parameters).

Return type

Callable[[np.ndarray], float | list[float]] | tuple[Callable[[np.ndarray], float | list[float]], ExpectationBase]

print_settings()

Preparing the setting of VQE into a string.

Returns

the formatted setting of VQE

Return type

str

supports_aux_operators

classmethod supports_aux_operators()

Whether computing the expectation value of auxiliary operators is supported.

If the minimum eigensolver computes an eigenstate of the main operator then it can compute the expectation value of the aux_operators for that state. Otherwise they will be ignored.

Returns

True if aux_operator expectations can be evaluated, False otherwise

Return type

bool

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